Eskrima

Escrima
GM Abaya.jpg
An escrima teacher wielding rattan sticks
Also known as Escrima
Kali
Arnis
Focus Stick fighting
Knife fighting
Country of origin Philippines Philippines
Olympic sport No

Escrima, Arnis and Kali refer to a class of Filipino martial arts that emphasize weapon-based fighting with sticks, blades and improvised weapons. Although training starts with weapons, empty hand techniques, trapping and limb destruction are also a core part of these arts as the weapon is merely an extension of the body. Escrima and Arnis are the most common among the many names often used in the Philippines today to refer to these arts.

The teaching of the basic skills in escrima are traditionally simplified. With limited time to teach intricate moves, only techniques that were proven effective in battle and could easily be taught en masse were used. This allowed villagers, generally not professional soldiers, a measure of protection against other villages, as well as foreign invaders. This philosophy of simplicity is still used today and is the underlying base of escrima. Because of this approach, escrima and the Filipino martial arts in general are often mistakenly considered to be "simple". However, this refers only to its systematization, not effectiveness. To the contrary, beyond the basic skills lies a very complex structure and a refined skillset that takes years to master.[1]

For the purpose of simplification, Escrima shall be used to refer to the interchangeable terms of Arnis and Kali for the rest of the article.

Contents

Name

For all intents and purposes, escrima, arnis and kali all refer to the same family of Filipino weapon-based martial arts. In Luzon they may go by the name of arnis, arnis de mano, sinawali, pagkalikali, panandata (usage of weapons), didya, kabaroan (blade usage) and kaliradman. In the Visayas and Mindanao, these martial arts have also been referred to as kali, kalirongan. Kuntaw and silat are separate martial arts that have also been practiced in the islands.

Escrima is a Filipinization of the Spanish word for fencing (esgrima).[2][3]

Arnis comes from arnes, Old Spanish for armor (harness is also an archaic English term for armor which comes from the same roots as the Spanish term). It is derived from the armor costumes used in Moro-moro (Moor versus Christian) stage plays where actors fought mock battles using wooden swords. The practice of weaponry by the peasants or Indios was banned by the Spaniards during colonial times and the Moro-moro stick fights disguised as mere entertainment was one of the methods they were able to practice their art right under the Spaniards' noses.[4] Arnis was also hidden as quaint folk dances like with the Sakuting stick dances in Luzon[5]. These methods of hiding the arts are probably how Arnis evolved into distinct and complex stick fighting systems in the Luzon and Visayas areas which had been disarmed by the Spaniards.

The word Kali, although primarily used in the United States and Europe, is seldom used in the Visayas and in some cases is an unknown word to eskrima practitioners. The term is used mostly in Mindanao, but due to the popularity of the term outside of the Philippines and the influence of foreign practitioners the term has now been accepted as a synonym for escrima and arnis. In their Cebu Escrima Myth distributed by Lex libris, Dr. Ned Nepangue and Tinni Macahor contend that the word did not exist until the 1960s when two well-known eskrimadors in the United States popularized it to distinguish what they taught from other styles. One belief is that the word comes from tjakalele,[6] a tribal style of stick-fencing from Indonesia. This is supported by the similarities between tjakalele and eskrima techniques, as well as Mindanao's proximity to Indonesia. Numerous alternative theories attempt to explain the term's origin:

Practitioners of the arts are called eskrimador for those who call their art Escrima, arnisador for those who call theirs Arnis and kalista or mangangali for those who practice Kali.

Origins

As eskrima is an art for the common folk, most practitioners lacked the scholarly education to create any kind of written record. While the same can be said of many martial arts, this is especially true for eskrima because almost all of its history is anecdotal, oral or promotional. The origin of eskrima can be traced back to the fighting systems used by Filipinos during inter-tribal warfare. Settlers and traders travelling through the Malay Archipelago brought the influence of silat as well as Chinese and Indian martial arts.[8][9] Some of the population still practices localised Chinese fighting methods known as kuntaw.

Among the earliest written records of Filipino martial arts comes from the Spanish conquistadors who fought native tribesmen armed with sticks and knives.[10] Driven back to their ships, the European colonists had to resort to fire-arms to defeat the Filipinos.[10] In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan was killed in Cebu at the Battle of Mactan by the forces of Raja Lapu-Lapu, the Mactan tribal chief. Although eskrimadors hold that Lapu-Lapu killed Magellan in a sword-fight, the only eyewitness account of the battle by chronicler Antonio Pigafetta tells that he was stabbed in the face and the arm with spears and overwhelmed with multiple warriors who hacked and stabbed at him:

The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at us again and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others. Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther. An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off.[11]

The last part from Pigafetta's account is rather comical considering the amount of mortal injuries Magellan received, so it is generally accepted that the account was made with some coloring and embelishments by Pigafetta to make Magellan sound more impressive.

Sources differ on the degree to which Eskrima was affected by the Spanish colonization. The fact that many Eskrima techniques have Spanish names also adds fuel to the debate, but this can be explained as Spanish was the lingua franca of the Philippines until the early 20th century. Some theorize that there were groups of conquistadors and Jesuit warrior-priests who taught the Indios how to defend themselves against Moro raiders. Saint Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order was a veteran knight and soldier and many Jesuits knew how to defend themselves as they were generally dispatched into the most dangerous areas by the Pope. One of the apparent influences from Spanish styles is the espada y daga (sword and dagger) method, but some disagree as Filipino espada y daga appears to be distinct from European rapier and dagger techniques[12] -- the stances are different as weapons used in Eskrima are typically shorter than European swords.

One thing that is known is that some of the arts were hidden from the Spaniards and passed down through familial or communal ties, usually practiced under the moonlight or right under the Spaniards noses by disguising them as entertainment like with choregraphed dances such as the Sakuting stick dance (see Youtube videos) or during mock battles at Moro-moro (Moros y Cristianos) stage plays. Due to the way the arts were then clandestinely practiced, one apparent effect of Spanish subjugation and disarmament of the civilian population was the evolution of unique and complex stick-based techniques in the Visayas and Luzon regions (unlike Southern Mindanao which retains almost exclusively blade-oriented techniques as it was never fully conquered and disarmed by the Spaniards and Americans).

Although the turbulent and conflict-fraught history and environment of the Philippines enabled eskrima to develop into an efficient art, this has changed in the sense that some systematization allowed easier and quicker teaching of the basics. With the exception of a few older and more established systems, it was previously common to pass the art from generation to generation in an informal approach. This has made attempts to trace the lineage of a practitioner difficult. For example, Antonio Illustrisimo seemed to have learned to fight while sailing around the Philippines, while his nephew and student Floro Villabrille claimed to have been taught by a blind Moro princess in the mountains - a claim later refuted by the older Illustrisimo. Both have since died.

Modern history

The Philippines has what is known as a blade culture. Local folk in the Philippines are much more likely to carry knives than guns. They are commonly carried as tools by farmers, used by street vendors to prepare coconuts, pineapples, other fruits and meats, and balisongs are cheap to procure in the streets as well as being easily concealed. Thus, they are much more used when tempers rise than by people in North America or Europe. In fact, in the language of Palau, the term for Filipino is chad ra oles which literally means "people of the knife" because of Filipinos' reputation for carrying knives and using them in fights.[13] As a result, blade fighting is still very much a living skill in the Philippines, particularly in rural areas.

Americans were first exposed to eskrima during the Philippine-American War in events such as the Balangiga Massacre where most of an American company was hacked to death or seriously injured by bolo-wielding guerillas in Balangiga, Samar or in battles in Mindanao where an American serviceman was decapitated by a Moro warrior even after he emptied his entire clip of .38 caliber bullets into his opponent. The U.S. Marines sent to fight in the Philippines were also issued leather collars to prevent said decapitations (the origin of the term Leatherneck). That and similar events led to the request and development of the .45 ACP which had more stopping power.

With regards to its spread outside the Philippines, the teaching of eskrima was kept strictly within the Filipino community until the late 1960s when it was brought to the US by masters such as Angel Cabales. Even then, instructors teaching eskrima in the 1960s and 70s were often reprimanded by their elders for publicly teaching a part of their culture that had been preserved through secrecy.

In recent years, there has been increased interest in eskrima for its usefulness when defending against knives. As a result, many systems of eskrima have been modified in varying degrees to make them more marketable to a worldwide audience. Usually this involves increased emphasis on locking, controls, and disarms, focusing mainly on aspects of self-defense. However, most styles follow the philosophy that the best defense is a good offense rather than relying only on defense. Modern training methods tend to de-emphasize careful footwork and low stances, stressing the learning of techniques as opposed to more direct (and often lethal) tactics designed to instantly end an encounter.

Today it is taught to the Filipino military as well as American groups like Navy SEALs, Army Special Forces, Delta Force as well as the Russian Spetsnaz (special forces)[14].

Duels

One of the most important practices in classical eskrima was dueling, without any form of protection. The matches were preceded by cock-fighting and could be held in any open space, sometimes in a specially constructed enclosure. Eskrimadors believe this tradition pre-dates the colonial period, pointing to similar practices of kickboxing matches in mainland Indochina as evidence. Spanish records tell of such duelling areas where cock-fights took place. The founders of most of the popular eskrima systems were famous duelists and legends circulate about how many opponents they killed. In rural areas throughout the Philippines today, modern eskrima matches are still held in dueling arenas. In bigger cities, recreations of duels are sometimes held at parks by local eskrima training-halls. These demonstrations are not choreographed beforehand but neither are they full-contact competitions.

In modern times, public dueling has been deemed illegal in the Philippines to reduce legal problems that arose from injury or death.

Sport

After decades of lobbying and overdue recognition, Arnis/Eskrima/Kali was proclaimed as the official National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines in January of 2010.

There are 2 main types of Eskrima practiced as a sport. The oldest and most common system used internationally is that of the WEKAF (World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation). The younger one which is promoted by the Philippine Sports Commission and the government is the Arnis Philippines (ARPHI) system and was used during the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.

WEKAF

The WEKAF system works on a 10-point must system similar to boxing where participants spar with live sticks while wearing a long padded vest with skirt and sleeves and a helmet similar to Kendo headgear. Hitting below the belt is prohbited. This format has sometimes been criticized because it emphasizes a heavy offense at the expense of defensive techniques sometimes with players raining blows on each other without defending, giving rise to the impression that combatants are merely hitting each other in a disorganized way. This is, to some, an antithesis to traditional training methods, where training in footwork and arm/weapon movements are intricate and precise and any part of an opponent's body is fair game. As a consequence, WEKAF tournaments may be seen as not promoting the original art. Moreover, participants have been known to suffer broken bones and injured tendons due to the fact that live sticks are used, so the older system is considered to be more hardcore and less safe. Another complaint about the WEKAF system is that it uses the 10-point must system which is more subjective depending on who is judging. Favoritism among judges and players is a common complaint with this scoring system due to its subjectivity.

Since the WEKAF system is more risky, it is preferred by many practitioners who want to test themselves. The WEKAF system is the most widely used format internationally.

ARPHI

The Arnis Philippines system uses foam-padded sticks about an inch in diameter with thin rattan cores roughly a centimeter in diameter. These sticks are meant to break before serious injury occurs. For protection, the same headgear used in the WEKAF system, and a large groin guard is required for males. Vests (optional for men, required for women), optional armguards, shinguards and leg wraps are also used. Scoring is more similar to fencing were fighters are separated after solid clean hits are made (observed by multiple judges stationed at different positions to be able to observe if the hits were clean and unblocked and able to determine the strength of the strike by the loudness of the impact). Alternative ways to score are to disarm one's opponent or to force him to step outside the ring.

The entire body from head to toe is fair game as targets, except for the back of the head which is less protected by the headgear. Stabs to the face are not allowed because the thin rattan core may penetrate the the padding and slip through the grills of the headgear and go into the player's eye. Thrusts to the body also score points but are harder to sell to judges because they make less noise and it is harder to determine the magnitude of their impact.

Punches, throws and kicks and throws are not allowed as are prolonged clinching to prevent the opponent from striking (similar to Western Boxing) in order to keep the game moving and more interesting for the audience who may not appreciate the fine and practical aspects of grappling. Disarms must be performed quickly and cleanly in order to be counted. Because the legs are legal targets, in lighter weight divisions, complex evasion and deep lunges where players lie horizontal with the torso almost touching the floor to extend reach are often seen.

The emphasis of the ARPHI system is on safety for the players as it is applying to become a recognized Olympic sport similar to other martial arts like Judo, Karate, Tae Kwon Do, Wrestling, Boxing, and Fencing.

Even though padded sticks are used in the sport, players regularly retain large bruises that last for weeks and sometimes minor injuries to joints and because of the sheer amount of force generated by conditioned practitioners. Sometimes the stuffing also commonly comes off from the harder hitting players and one cause of injury is when a player is struck by the exposed rattan core. Still, these are relatively minor as compared to injuries sustained when practitioners spar with live sticks.

One major problem with the ARPHI system is that because the padded sticks with light rattan cores are used, they tend to flex and "lag", thus making the experience significantly different from using a live stick and in that sense, lessens the "realism" of this system. This is acceptable though as again, emphasis is on the safety of the players.

Like the sayaw (meaning dance) in the WEKAF system, the ARPHI system also has a separate single and team choreographed Kata-like division called Año (Tagalog for forms). Aside from the visual appeal, practical combative applications must also be clearly seen so as to avoid looking like just majorettes in marching bands who just twirl batons and dance (a concept similar to the Floreio ("flowery") aspect in the Brazilian martial art Capoeira and Tricking which are more for show than practicality).

Others

In another variation that simulates knife fights, competitors use false blades edged with lipstick to mark where an opponent has been struck. These matches are considered more similar to traditional duels than the WEKAF point-system.

Sticks

A pair of rattan sticks

The most basic and common weapon in eskrima is the baston (Spanish for "stick) or yantok. They are typically constructed from rattan, an inexpensive stem from a type of Southeast Asian vine. Hard and durable yet lightweight, it shreds only under the worst abuse and will not splinter as easily like other woods do - thus making it a safe training tool. This aspect also makes it useful in defending against blades. Kamagong (ironwood or ebony) and bahi (heart of the palm) are also sometimes used after being charred and hardened. These hardwoods are generally not used for sparring, however, as they are dense enough to cause serious injury, but traditional sparring does not include weapon to body contact. The participants are skilled enough to parry and counterstrike, showing respect in not intentionally hitting the training partner. In North America and Europe, eskrima practitioners wear head and hand protection while sparring with rattan sticks, or otherwise use padded batons. Some modern schools use sticks made out of aluminium or other metals, or modern high-impact plastics.

Weapons

Eskrima students start their instruction by learning to fight with weapons, and only advance to empty-hand training once the stick and knife techniques have been sufficiently mastered. This is in contrast to most other well-known Asian martial arts but it is justified by the principle that bare-handed moves are acquired naturally through the same exercises as the weapon techniques, making muscle memory an important aspect of the teaching and the obvious fact that an armed person who is trained has the advantage over a trained unarmed person and to condition students to fight against armed assailants. Most systems of eskrima apply a single set of techniques for the stick, knife and empty hands, a concept sometimes referred to as motion grouping. Since the weapon is seen as simply an extension of the body, the same angles and footwork are used either with or without a weapon. The reason for this is probably historical, because tribal warriors went into battle armed and only resorted to bare-handed fighting after losing their weapons.

Many systems begin training with two weapons, either a pair of sticks or a stick and a wooden knife. These styles emphasise keeping both hands full and never moving them in the same direction and trains practitioners to become ambidextrous. For example, one stick may strike the head while the other hits the arm. Such training develops the ability to use both limbs independently, a skill which is valuable even when working with one weapon.

A core concept and distinct feature of Filipino martial arts is the Live Hand. Even when as a practitioner wields only one weapon, the extra hand is used to control, trap or disarm an opponent's weapon and to aid in blocking, joint locking and manipulation of the opponent or other simultaneous motions such as bicep destruction with the live hand.

Impact weapons

Edged weapons

Flexible weapons

Technical aspects

Ranges

Most systems recognize that the technical nature of combat changes drastically as the distance between opponents changes, and generally classify the ranges into at least three categories. Each range has its characteristic techniques and footwork. Of course, some systems place more emphasis on certain ranges than others, but almost all recognize that being able to work in and control any range is essential. The Balintawak style for example, uses long-distance, medium-range and short-range fighting techniques, but focuses more on the short range.

In order to control the range, and for numerous other purposes, good footwork is essential. Most eskrima systems explain their footwork in terms of triangles: normally when moving in any direction two feet occupy two corners of the triangle and the step is to the third corner such that no leg crosses the other at any time. The shape and size of the triangle must be adapted to the particular situation. The style of footwork and the standing position vary greatly from school to school and from practitioner to practitioner. For a very traditional school, very conscious of battlefield necessities, stances will usually be very low, often with one knee on the ground, and footwork will be complex, involving many careful cross-steps to allow practitioners to cope with multiple opponents. The Villabrille and San Miguel styles are usually taught in this way. Systems that have been adapted to duels or sporting matches generally employ simpler footwork, focusing on a single opponent. North American schools tend to use much more upright stances, as this puts less stress on the legs, but there are some exceptions.

Strikes

Many Filipino systems focus on defending against and/or reacting to angles of attack rather than particular strikes. The theory behind this is that virtually all types of hand-to-hand attacks (barehanded or with a weapon) will hit or reach a combatant via these angles of attack and it is reasoned that it is more efficient to learn to defend against different angles of attack rather than learning to defend against particular styles, particular techniques or particular weapons. For instance, the technique for defending against an attack angle that comes overhead from the right is very similar whether the attacker uses barefists, a knife, a sword or a spear.

Older styles gave each angle a name, but more recent systems tend to simply number them. Many systems have twelve standard angles, though some have as few as 5, and others as many as 72. Although the exact angles, the order in which they are numbered (numerado), and the manner in which they're executed vary from system to system, most are based upon Filipino cosmology. These standard angles are used to describe exercises; to aid memorization, a standard series of strikes from these angles called an abecedario (Spanish for "alphabet") is often practiced. These are beginner strikes or the "ABC's" of eskrima.

Some angles of attack and some strikes have characteristic names.

It is to be noted that many of the Eskrima techniques have Spanish names because Spanish was the lingua franca spoken during colonial times among the natives who spoke over 170 different languages in the archipelago's 7,100+ islands.

Eskrima techniques are generally based on the assumption that both the student and their opponent are very highly trained and well prepared. For this reason, eskrima tends to favor extreme caution, always considering the possibility of a failed technique or an unexpected knife. On the other hand, the practitioner is assumed to be able to strike very precisely and quickly. The general principle is that an opponent's ability to attack should be destroyed rather than trying to hurt them to convince them to stop. Thus many strikes are aimed at the hands and arms, hoping to break the hand holding the weapon or cut the nerves or tendons controlling it (the concept of defanging the snake). Strikes to the eyes and legs are also important. A popular mnemonic states that "stick seeks bone, blade seeks flesh".

Drills

Several classes of exercises, such as sumbrada, contrada, sinawali, hubud-lubud and sequidas, initially presented to the public as a set of organized drills by the Inosanto school, are expressly designed to allow partners to move quickly and experiment with variations while remaining safe. For example, in a sumbrada drill taken from the Villabrille style, one partner feeds an attack, which the other counters, flowing into a counterattack, which is then countered, flowing into a counterattack, and so on. The hubud-lubud or hubad-lubad from Doce Pares is frequently used as a type of "generator" drill, where one is forced to act and think fast. Initially, students learn a specific series of attacks, counters, and counter-attacks. As they advance they can add minor variations, change the footwork, or switch to completely different attacks; eventually the exercise becomes almost completely free-form. Palakat, from the Balintawak style, are un-choreographed and random defensive and offensive moves. Palakat in Cebuano means a walk-through or rehearsing the different strike angles and defenses. It may also be known as corridas or striking without any order or pattern. Disarms, take-downs, and other techniques usually break the flow of such a drill, but they are usually initiated from such a sequence of movements in order to force the student to adapt to a variety of situations. A common practice is to begin a drill with each student armed with two weapons; once the drill is flowing, if a student sees an opportunity to disarm their opponent, they will, but the drill will continue until both students are empty-handed. Some drills use only a single weapon per pair, and the partners take turns disarming each other. Seguidas drills, taken from the San Miguel system, are sets of hitting and movement patterns usually involving stick and dagger.

Rhythm, while an essential part of eskrima drills, is given more emphasis in the United States and Europe where a regular beat serves a guide for students to follow. To ensure the safety of the participants, most drills are done at a constant pace which is increased as the students progress. The rhythm, together with the southern Filipino attire of a vest and sashed pants, is commonly mistaken to be some sort of tradition when practicing eskrima in the Philippines - perhaps incorrectly derived from traditional rhythm-based dances or an attempt to add a sense of ethnicity. Eskrima is usually practiced in the Philippines without a rhythm, off-beat or out of rhythm. Although the art existed long before the European colonisation, it has been named after Spanish fencing (escrima). Filipino eskrimadors typically train in their everyday clothes. The more affluent and modernized city practitioners and foreigners practice while wearing either their studio uniform, an altered form of the Japanese gi or 3/4 length pants. However, the diversity of Filipino martial arts means that there is no officially established standard uniform in eskrima.

The Live Hand

The live hand is the opposite hand of the practitioner that does not contain the main weapon. The heavy usage of the live hand is an important concept and distinguishing hallmark of Eskrima. Even (or especially) when empty, the live hand can be used as a companion weapon by Eskrima practitioners. As opposed to most weapon systems like fencing where the off-hand is hidden and not used to prevent it from being hit, Eskrima actively uses the live hand for trapping, locking, supporting weapon blocks, checking, disarming, striking and controlling the opponent.

The usage of the live hand is one of the most evident examples of how Eskrima's method of starting with weapons training leads to effective empty hand techniques. Because of Doble Baston (double weapons) or Espada y Daga (sword and parrying dagger) ambidextrous weapon muscle memory conditioning, Eskrima practitioners find it easy to use the off-hand actively once they transition from using it with a weapon to an empty hand.

Cross-training

The Chinese and Malay communities of the Philippines have practiced Eskrima together with Kuntaw and Silat for centuries, so much so that many North Americans mistakenly believe silat to have originated in the Philippines.

Some of the modern styles, particularly Doce Pares and Modern Arnis also contain elements of Japanese martial arts such as Judo and Karate as some of the founders were blackbelters in these systems. Eskrima is also complementary with Aikido because of the rounded nature of the conditioning and body mechanics when twirling or swinging sticks.

In Western countries, it is common for Eskrima to be practiced in conjunction with other martial arts, particularly Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do or Silat. As a result, there is some confusion between styles, systems and lineage because some people cross-train without giving due credit to the founders or principles of their arts. For example, American Kenpo cross-training traces back to the interactions between Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants in territorial/pre-statehood Hawaii, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the United States. Another one is the cross-training between Eskrima and Wing Chun or Jeet Kune Do which dates back to Bruce Lee's close collaboration with Dan Inosanto (the weapons aspect of Jeet Kune Do comes primarily from Eskrima and Bruce Lee considered it as the martial art which had the closest philosophy to JKD).

Proponents of such training say the arts are very similar in many aspects and complement each other well. It has also become marketable to offer Eskrima classes in other traditional Asian martial arts studios in America but some practitioners of other Eskrima styles often dismiss these lessons as debased versions of original training methods.

Notable Styles

Practiced in the Philippines

(arranged by family/lineage)

International Systems

Eskrima in popular culture

Film

Television

Video games

Other

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=3398095&page=1
  2. ↑ "History of Filipino Martial Arts". http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/escrima/eskrima.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  3. ↑ "Warriors Escrima - Worcestershire". http://www.warriorseskrima.com/info1.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-111. 
  4. ↑ Edgar Sulite. The Secrets of Arnis. 
  5. ↑ "Youtube videos of Filipino Sakuting Folk Dances". http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sakuting. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Remy Presas, 1974, "Modern Arnis", pp. 10-12 ISBN 971-08-6041-0
  7. ↑ "The Bladed Hand: The Global Impact of Filipino Martial Arts". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-z7QkYP3Xw. 
  8. ↑ Mark V. Wiley (1994). Filipino Martial Arts: Cabales Serrada Escrima. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-1913-0.
  9. ↑ Sam Buot (1991-2009) 'Eskrima-Arnis, Martial Arts of the Philippines.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Donn F. Draeger & Robert W. Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6. 
  11. ↑ "The Death of Magellan, 1521". Eyewitness to History.com. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/magellan.htm. 
  12. ↑ J. Christoph Amberger. "Eskrima, Spanish rapier, and the Lost Continent of Mu". http://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2008/12/08/eskrima-spanish-rapier-and-the-lost-continent-of-mu/. 
  13. ↑ Francesca K. Remengesau, Dirk Anthony Ballendorf. "From Soul to Somnelence: The Palau Community Association of Guam, 1948 To 1997". http://marshall.csu.edu.au/MJHSS/Issue2006/MJHSS2006_148.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Jessica Zafra. "The greatest Filipino cultural export is kicking ass". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=559239&publicationSubCategoryId=84. 
  15. ↑ Kali-Eskrima-Arnis Weapons by Jeff Patterson
  16. ↑ "FEATURED INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Remy Presas, Jr. of Modern Arnis". FMA Digest. http://www.fmapulse.com/content/featured-instructor-dr-remy-presas-jr-modern-arnis. 
  17. ↑ "FEATURED INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Remy Presas, Jr. of Modern Arnis". FMA Digest. http://www.fmapulse.com/content/featured-instructor-dr-remy-presas-jr-modern-arnis. 
  18. ↑ "FEATURED INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Remy Presas, Jr. of Modern Arnis". FMA Digest. http://www.fmapulse.com/content/featured-instructor-dr-remy-presas-jr-modern-arnis. 
  19. ↑ [1]
  20. ↑ "Latosa Escrima Official Site". http://escrima-concepts.com/. 
  21. ↑ "The Book of Eli - Behind the Scenes:Stunts". Yahoo! Movies. Yahoo!. 2010. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1810067275/info. 
  22. ↑ "Quantum of Solace". Latino Review. http://www.latinoreview.com/movie-reviews/quantum-of-solace-579. 
  23. ↑ "How to Fight Like Jason Bourne with Jeff Imada". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XCCFBNV--o. 
  24. ↑ "The Bourne Supremacy interview with Matt Damon and Jeff Imada". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17xgMvfFsv4. 
  25. ↑ "Frank Miller's 300 - Journal 5". http://www.visualhollywood.com/movies/300/clip4.php. 
  26. ↑ "Behind the scenes interview on the knife fighting used in The Hunted". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3YPg3ggTgg. 
  27. ↑ "The Bourne Conspiracy - Working with Jeff Imada". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJTmgVgDQfk. 

References

External links

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Gouren
Brazil Brazil
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu · Capoeira · Luta Livre · Vale Tudo
Burma Burma (Myanmar)
Bando · Banshay · Lethwei · Naban · Pongyi thaing  · Thaing
Cambodia Cambodia
Bokator · Pradal Serey
Canada Canada
Okichitaw · Defendo
People's Republic of China China
Baguazhang · Bājíquán · Changquan · Chin Na · Fanziquan · Hung Ga · Liuhebafa · Northern Praying Mantis · Southern Praying Mantis · Sanshou · Shaolin Kung Fu · Shuai Jiao · Tai chi chuan · Wing Chun · Wudang Kung Fu · Wushu · Xingyiquan · Zui Quan
Egypt Egypt
Tahtib
France France
Canne de combat · Kinomichi · Savate
Germany Germany
German school of fencing · Universal Fight
Georgia (country) Georgia
Khridoli
Greece Greece
Pále · Pankration · Pygmachia
Iceland Iceland
Glima
Indonesia Indonesia
Pencak Silat · Tarung Derajat · Liu Seong Kuntao · Ujungan
India India
Dravidian martial arts · Gatka · Kalarippayattu · Malla-yuddha · Silambam · Vajra Mushti · Pehlwani
Iran Iran
Kung Fu To'a · Varzesh-e Pahlavani
Israel Israel
Krav Maga
Italy Italy
Italian school of swordsmanship
Japan Japan
Aikido · Battōjutsu · Hojōjutsu · Iaidō · Iaijutsu · Jōdō · Judo · Jujutsu · Jūkendō · Juttejutsu · Karate · Kendo · Kenpō · Kenjutsu · Kyūdō · Kyūjutsu · Naginatajutsu · Ninjutsu · Shurikenjutsu · Sōjutsu · Sumo
South Korea Korea
Haidong Gumdo · Hapkido · Hwa Rang Do · Kuk Sool Won · Soo Bahk Do · Ssireum · Subak · Taekkyeon · Taekwondo · Tang Soo Do
Laos Laos
Muay Lao
Malaysia Malaysia
Silat Melayu · Malaysian kickboxing
Mongolia Mongolia
Mongolian wrestling
New Zealand New Zealand
Mau rākau
Nigeria Nigeria
Dambe
Pakistan Pakistan
Pehlwani · Malakhra
Philippines Philippines
Eskrima · Modern Arnis · Sikaran · Yawyan · Panantukan
Portugal Portugal
Jogo do Pau
Russia Russia
Fistfight · Sambo · Systema
Ryūkyū Kingdom Ryūkyū Kingdom
Karate · Okinawan kobudō
Serbia Serbia
Narodno rvanje · Svebor · Real Aikido · Hapkikwan
Singapore Singapore
Lungwu Quan
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Angampora · Cheena di
Switzerland Switzerland
Schwingen
Somalia Somalia
Istunka
Spain Spain
Spanish school of swordsmanship · Lucha Canaria · Juego del Palo · Yawara-Jitsu
Thailand Thailand
Muay Thai
Turkey Turkey
Karakucak · Oil wrestling
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
Yowla
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Bartitsu · Catch wrestling · Defendu · Singlestick · Spirit Combat
United States United States of America
Chun Kuk Do · Jeet Kune Do · Kajukenbo · Marine Corps Martial Arts Program · Modern Army Combatives · Toso Kune Do · Collegiate Wrestling
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
Kurash
Vietnam Vietnam
Vovinam · Nhat Nam
No single origin: Archery · Boxing · Fencing · Historical European Martial Arts · Kickboxing · Silat · Stick fighting · Wrestling